Bài giảng Chapter 5: Analyzing Sound Patterns

hese patterns into speech sounds.Introduction	Phonetics = acoustic, auditory, and articulatory phonetics.	Phonology = 1)investigates sound differences within a language 2)investigates sound patterns within a language Phonetics & PhonologyTranscriptionPhonemic/abroad transcription- use the slashes // as phonemic brackets- least accurate- ignores precise detailsEnglish aspiration of voiceless stopsPhonetic/narrow transcriptionuse []much phonetic detailuse of diacriticsWhat is Phonemics?Phonemics is a branch of linguistics which studied the organization of speech sounds.There is a substitution for abstract sound by another to change its meaning.Eg.Phonetic and phonology (page 66)how to pronounce T	In fact, they are pronounced a little differently but in general they belong to the same abstract sound [t] called phoneme. PHONEMESA phoneme is the smallest distinctive unit of language.A phonemes may be made up of one or more letters which make one sound.Notice how the three phonemes sound the same.Two new shoesTHE PHONEMES/ /[ ].[ ]PHONEMEPHONETICALLY SIMILARCOMPLEMENTARY DISTRIBUTIONSix sectors about phonemes:AllophonesPhonemic differenceNon-phonemic differencePhonetic similarityComplementary distributionFree variationAllophones	An allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language.	A phoneme is not a sound, but a	group of sounds called allophones.	We do not pronounce the phoneme itself.	Eg.[p] and [ph] are allophones of the phoneme /p/.[t] and [th] are allophones of the phoneme /t/.An allophone is an imperceptibly slight variation on a given vocal sound of a language. Eg. /k/  in [kil] and [skil]	the same sound to most people but they are very different sounds under critical phonetic analysis. 2.Phonemic difference	Phonemic difference means substitution of any allophone of one phoneme for any allophone of another phoneme will result in a change in meaning.3.Non-phonemic difference	The allophones of the same phoneme are differentiated from one another by non-phonemic difference, that is differences which do not cause a change of meaning.4. Phonetic similarity	Phonetic similarity: Two sounds are said to be phonetically similar when they share the same point or the same manner of articulation. 	Eg. [ t, s, z, n]  the same point of articulation. 	Phonetic similarity is used to compare two data strings that may be spelled differently but sound the same.5.Complementary Distribution(CD)	Complementary distribution: Two phonetically of the same phoneme are in CD when they never occur in the same environment .	Eg. [ph] and [po]	[th] and [to]More Example	pit 	spit	[phit]	[spit]	til	l	still	[thil]	[stil]6.Free variation When two sounds occur in the same environment but do not contrast in that environment, we say that they are in free variation.	Eg. 	basic	economics[beisik] – [baesik] 	 [i:] – [e]PHONEMIC ANALYSIS Identifying the objectives:Minimal pairPhonetically similarHomonymsHomographs	Minimal pairsDefinition: A pair of words that have different meanings and which differ in only one sound. Here is an example from English:	 	zeal 	& 	seal 	/zi:l/ 	/si:l/word 1	word 2pin 	 bin/pɪn/ 	 /bɪn/rot	 lot/rɒt/	/lɒt/thigh 	thy/θaj/	/ðaj/zeal	 seal/ziːl/	/siːl/bin	 bean/bɪn/	/biːn/pen 	pan/pɛn/	/pæn/hat	had/hæt/	/hædFour golden rules for minimal pairs:Have the same number of sounds.Identical in every sound except for one.The sound that is different must be in the same position in each word.The sound must have different meanings.Phonemic analysis problems	When two phonemes are nearly similar, how do you do to find they belong to the same phoneme or not?Eg: “top” [t] & ”stop” [t]	Two conditions to satisfy two sounds belong to the same phoneme or not:1. The two sounds must be phonetically similar.2. They must be in complementary distribution.HomonymsWhat the time iswatchA sixtieth of a minute is not first.secondHomonyms (same in sounds and spelling but different in meaning)A learner in the middle of your eye.pupilHomographs	Homographs are words that may or may not sound alike but have the same spelling but a different meaning.BowBowScaleScaleHomographsTearTearEnglish phonemes 	Phonemes are divided into two kinds: Segmental phonemes Supra-segmental phonemes: 	Segmental phonemes: distinctive sound-types which can be cut up from the stream of speech. There are 24 consonants and 12 vowels (according to some phonemicists, there are 9 vowels).	Supra-segmental phonemes: sound-types which can not be “cut up” from anything.	There are 12 supra-segmental phonemes: 4 stresses, 4 pitches and 4 junctures.Phonological Rules: 1. Modification of Consonants in Connected Speech 	Every speech sound pronounced in isolation has three stages of articulation.	(1) The on-glide stage, the articulating organs move to the position necessary for the articulation of a sound.	(2)The hold stage, the articulating organs are kept in the position for a certain period of time.	(3) The off-glide stage, the articulating organs return to the position of rest. Eg. [t] 1. It pronounced in isolation, is the contact formed by the tip of the tongue placed against the teeth ridge. 2. The air is compressed behind the closure. 3. The organs form the obstruction part rapidly and the compressed air escapes abruptly. There are two group influence on sounds:	+Combinative changes	+Positional changes The sounds are modified by other sounds near to them in the phonetic sequence  As the result, it loses the cleanness and some peculiarities of their articulation.5.4.2. PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS	Phonology is a dynamic system in which units change as they come into contact with other units in the system.THREE KINDS OF INFORMATIONClass of soundThe context phonemic enviroment of relevant soundsThe phonetic changeTHE FORMALIZATION OF PHONOLOGICAL RULESV→[+NASAL]/ _ [+NASAL] (C) # ($)SUMARY:→ means “becomes” or “is change to”/ means “the environment of”_ is placed before or after segments that condition the change ( ) enclose optional the change, whose presence or absence are irrelevant to the rules $ indicate a syllable boundary # as word boundary Þ represent the null unitEg.	BUTTER [bʌɾɹ] and NOTABLE [noʊɾəbl] 	The intervocalic alveolar flapping Phonological rulesAssimilation rulesDefinition: Assimilation is the sound change because of the influence of the neighbouring sounds.For (Daniel Jones):Assimilation is the sound change because of adjacent sounds in the phonemic level Eg. dogs[s] -> [z] [g]: [dɔgz]the sound in phonetic level are called simlitudetenth[n]->[n]Eg.(For Bertil Mamberg) let me [t]-> [m] ten minutes [t]-> [m] [tem minits].Eg.( For Peter Ladefoded ) input [n] -> [m] does she [z] -> [ʒ] in the [n] -> [n]	For the practical purpose of studying, we accept the conception of Sokolova . Assimilation is the process of alteration of speech sounds as a result of which one of the sounds become fully or partially similar to the adjoining sound.	-The word “assimilation” is an example of this phenomenon.	- This Latin word is composed of the preposition ad-to and the adjecive similis-alike.similar: ad-similatio -> assimilatio [ds->ss]. 	- The nature of assimilation is determined by objective physical and physiological conditions. TYPES OF ASSIMILATION It can be distinguished according to:DirectionDegree of completenessDegree of stabilityThe quality of adjacent sounds1. Direction of assimilation	According to this point assimilation can be:Progressive	The articulatory features of the following sound are changed under the influence of the preceding sound.Eg. 	Bacon	/beɪkŋ/	Talked	/tɔːkt/b) Regressive	The articulatory features of the preceding sound are changed under the influence of the following sound.E.g:news – newspaper	/nju:z/ - /nju:speipə/goose – gooseberry	/gu:s/ - /gu:zbəri/five - five pence	/faiv / - /faifpəns/	c) Reciprocal (double) It means complex mutual influence of the adjacent sounds.Eg./t + r/ = /t r/ 		 Tree /t ri:/ /d/ + /j/ => /dʒ/		 Need you 	(/niːd juː/- /niːdʒuː/)		 would you 	(/wʊd juː/ - /wʊdʒuː/) 2) Degree of completeness	According to its degree, assimilation can be complete or incomplete.Complete assimilation	The two adjoining sounds become alike or merge into one.E.gCupboard /p +b/ => /bb/ =>/b/	good bye /d/ + /b/ => /b/	dress shop /s/ + /ʃ/ => /ʃ ʃ / => / ʃ /b) Incomplete assimilation 	The likeness of the adjoining sounds is partial as the assimilated sound retains its major articulatory features.	It may be devided into two small groups: 	Partial assimilation	Intermediate assimilation	Partial assimilation	Eg.Tenth /n + θ/ => /n θ/ or /n n/Bad thing /d + θ/ => / d + θ /Intermediate assimilation	Eg. have to /v + t/ = /f t/ has to /z + t / = /s t/used to /zd + t/ = /st t/	Assimilatory phenomena of older stages in the development of the language have become obligatory.	They may, or may not be reflected in spelling.3.Degree of Stability: Eg. orchard (ort + yard) [ɔ:t∫əd] => [ɔ:t∫əd] picture [piktjur] 	=> [pikt∫ə] question [kwestjən] 	=> [kwest∫ən] blossom    /blɒsəm /   	=>   [blɒsm̩] broken    /brəʊkən/   	=>  [bɹəʊkŋ̩]	There are a lot of widely spread but non –obligatory cases of assimilation which can be traced mainly at word boundaries. They are called contextual assimilation.Eg. - ten minutes [n+m] = [m+m] => [ten minit] => [tem minit]- London bridge [lʌndən bridʒ] => [lʌndəm bridʒ]- He loves You [hi lʌvz juː] => [hi lʌv ʒuː]4. Quality of Adjacent Sounds There can be four special cases of contact assimilation the influences: 1. A consonant on the adjacent consonant. Eg. black /blæk/ grief /gri:f/ play /plei/.2. A vowel on the adjacent vowel.Eg. hard /hɑːrd/ message /mesɪdʒ/ return /rɪ’tɜːrn/. 3. A consonant on the adjacent vowel.Eg. bad /bæd/ get /get/ village /’vɪlɪdʒ/. 4. A vowel on the adjacent consonant.Eg. 	gass /gæs/ heel  /hi:l/ card /kɑːrd/Designed by FreedomDoan TrangNgoc DiepHuong DuyenPhuong HangHoang OanhKieu NgaKim Ngoc Thao NguyenMy Trinh