Bài giảng Địa lí Lớp 11 - Bài 9: Nhật Bản - Tiết 1: Tự nhiên, dân cư và tình hình phát triển kinh tế (Bản chuẩn kĩ năng)

the SDPJ and Sakigake , a progressive conservative party. 
In late 1997 the LDP regained a majority in the lower house when a key opposition member returned to the party. Political maneuvering and a stubborn opposition, however, made it difficult for Hashimoto’s cabinet to confront the country’s many economic and political problems. The following year, the coalition of the LDP, SDPJ, and Sakigake broke up. Unhappy with the state of the economy, Japanese voters inflicted a defeat on the LDP in elections for the upper house in July 1998. Accepting responsibility for the defeat, Hashimoto resigned as prime minister. LDP politician Obuchi Keizo replaced him as prime minister, and the LDP entered a new coalition in 1999, this time with the Liberal Party, a group of former LDP members led by Ozawa. Obuchi suffered a stroke in April 2000 and lapsed into a coma. He was replaced as prime minister and head of the LDP by longtime LDP politician Mori Yoshiro. 
In early parliamentary elections held in June 2000 for Japan’s lower house, the House of Representatives, the LDP and its coalition partners suffered losses but retained a majority. Public approval ratings for Mori plunged to below 10 percent due to his reported political blunders and the LDP’s lack of success in reviving the economy. In late April 2001 the LDP held an early internal election to choose a new party leader to replace Mori as prime minister. Koizumi Junichiro , a reform-minded former health and welfare minister, was chosen over former prime minister Hashimoto Ryutaro . Koizumi’s victory over the candidate favored by party seniors broke with tradition and was widely interpreted as a sign of growing frustration with Japan’s economic problems. 
Koizumi pursued structural reforms of the Japanese economy. In 2005, however, some LDP members in the upper house of the Diet blocked his goal to privatize the national postal service. In response, Koizumi called an early parliamentary election for the lower house. LDP members who had opposed him were officially banished from the party; some of them founded the New People’s Party. In the September 2005 election the LDP and its coalition partner, New Komeito , won a landslide victory, taking 327 out of 480 seats. The two-thirds majority gave Koizumi the power to override any opposition to his reforms in the upper house. 
M 3 
International Affairs 
The end of the Cold War in the late 1980s brought new uncertainties in Japan’s relations with the outside world. Although the mutual security treaty remained in force, the United States pressured Japan to assume responsibility in international politics commensurate with its economic power. A country with a large stake in international stability, the Americans argued, should take some responsibility for maintaining it. 
Japanese political leaders, aware that public sentiment strongly supported the peace constitution, remained reluctant to take a more active role in international military efforts. During the Persian Gulf War in 1991, the Japanese government provided $13 billion to help reimburse the expenses of the anti-Iraq coalition, but sent no troops. In 1992 the Diet passed a law allowing noncombatant SDF personnel to take part in UN peacekeeping operations, but the law required Diet approval in every case. And the Japanese public expressed concern in 1997 when a new U.S.-Japanese security plan committed Japan to cooperate with U.S. forces in conflicts occurring in areas around Japan. 
In the 1990s the Japanese confronted hostility among their Asian neighbors despite growing trade, investment, and other economic ties. Memories of Japan’s wartime activities remained alive in North and South Korea and China. In the early 1990s, for example, South Koreans and other Asians demanded that Japan admit responsibility for forcefully recruiting women to serve as “comfort women,” or prostitutes, for Japanese soldiers during the war. On August 15, 1995, the 50th anniversary of the end of the war, Prime Minister Murayama expressed “deep remorse” for war victims, particularly in Asia. But leading LDP politicians continued to make statements that appeared to defend or justify Japan’s actions as an imperialist and military power. The issue resurfaced in 2001 when a new history textbook appeared to gloss over Japan’s past military aggressions in China and Korea, and it was further aggravated the same year when Prime Minister Koizumi visited the Yasukuni war shrine, where Japanese war dead are honored, including Japanese convicted of war crimes. 
In September 2002 Koizumi and North Korean leader Kim Jong Il signed a joint declaration to begin normalizing relations between their two countries. The summit meeting, held in North Korea, marked the first diplomatic relations between the two countries since 1948. Prior to the meeting, North Korean officials admitted that North Korean agents had abducted a number of Japanese citizens since the 1970s in order to conduct spying operations under stolen identities. In the joint declaration, Japan in turn formally apologized for Korean suffering under Japanese colonial rule from 1910 to 1945. 
In the 1990s and early 2000s Japan and Russia took steps toward resolving their long-standing territorial dispute over the Kuril Islands. The dispute had prevented Japan and the Soviet Union from signing a peace treaty after World War II, leaving them technically in a state of war. The lingering dispute also posed a significant obstacle to diplomatic and economic relations between Japan and Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Meetings between Russian president Boris Yeltsin and Japanese prime ministers in the late 1990s produced statements of commitment to resolving the dispute. In 2003 Prime Minister Koizumi and Russian president Vladimir Putin signed an agreement calling for an accelerated effort to resolve the dispute and produce a peace treaty. In general terms, the agreement also indicated that the two countries would cooperate in exploiting Russia’s vast energy resources. 
An initial group of an intended 600-strong noncombat contingent was sent to Iraq in February 2004 to assist in the reconstruction of the country. It represented the first Japanese ground forces to be deployed in a combat zone since World War II. The measure was widely seen as controversial and potentially unconstitutional, especially as it came after the deaths of two Japanese diplomats in a bombing in the city of Tikrīt in northern Iraq in late 2003 ( see U.S.-Iraq War). 
Japan began withdrawing its noncombat forces from Iraq in June 2006. In September Koizumi was succeeded by Abe Shinzō , who pledged to change Japan’s constitution so that the Self-Defense Forces could play a more active role in international peacekeeping forces. The election of Abe, who had forcefully defended Koizumi’s visits to the Yasukuni war shrine, raised concerns about strains in Japan’s relations with its Asian neighbors, particularly China and North Korea. Abe had become popular in Japan for his tough stance as a principal negotiator for the release of Japanese citizens held by North Korea. Soon after becoming prime minister he appointed a foreign minister who was known for hard-line views toward China. Abe, however, pledged to repair relations with China. 
The History section of this article was contributed by Peter Duus . 
Contributed By: Roman A. Cybriwsky  Peter Duus  John O. Haley  Richard Katz  Paul Varley 
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2008. © 1993-2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. 
 Hãy nêu đặc điểm chủ yếu về khí hậu Nhật Bản dựa vào hướng gió thổi 
Miền Bắc : Ôn đới 
Miền Nam: Cận nhiệt đới 
Vĩ độ 40 
GIÓ MÙA MÙA ĐÔNG 
GIÓ MÙA MÙA ĐÔNG 
GIÓ MÙA MÙA HẠ 
GIÓ MÙA MÙA HẠ 
 Nhật Bản nằm trong vùng gió mùa , lượng mưa tương đối cao , thuận lợi phát triển rừng và nhiều loại cây trồng . 
 Hãy nêu đặc điểm chủ yếu về sông ngòi của Nhật Bản 
 - Mạng lưới sông ngòi tương đối phát triển . 
 - Chủ yếu là sông ngắn , dốc . 
BẢN ĐỒ TỰ NHIÊN NHẬT BẢN 
 Hãy nêu đặc điểm chủ yếu về khoáng sản Nhật Bản 
20 0 25’ B 
45 0 33’B 
- Nhật Bản nghèo khoáng sản 
- Trữ lượng không đáng kể 
BẢN ĐỒ TỰ NHIÊN NHẬT BẢN 
 Khó khăn lớn nhất về tự nhiên của Nhật Bản đối với sự phát triển kinh tế là gì ? 
20 0 25’ B 
45 0 33’B 
Thiếu khoáng sản 
Thường xuyên bị thiên tai 
II-ĐẶC ĐIỂM VỀ DÂN CƯ 
1. Dân số 
 Dựa vào bảng 9.1 trang 76 SGK, hãy nhận xét về dân số Nhật Bản . 
Là nước đông dân thứ 10 thế giới . 
Trước 1975, Nhật Bản có kết cấu dân số trẻ - tỉ lệ gia tăng tự nhiên cao ( 3 - 4%/năm) 
N ăm 2005 , dân số tăng chậm (0,1%/năm), tuổi thọ trung bình ngày càng cao (78/82) dẫn đến sự lão hoá dân số 
KHÓ KHĂN 
Thiếu lao động 
Phải đầu tư nhiều cho y tế và phúc lợi xã hội 
KHÓ KHĂN 
BẢN ĐỒ PHÂN BỐ DÂN CƯ NHẬT BẢN 
 Hãy cho biết dân cư Nhật Bản tập chủ yếu ở đâu và giải thích tại sao ? 
2.SỰ PHÂN BỐ DÂN CƯ 
Dân cư phân bố không đều : 
 - 90% dân số tập trung ở các thành phố lớn và đồng bằng ven biển 
 - Mật độ trung bình 360 người/km 2 : 
 + Ở các thành phố lớn 1356 người/km 2 
 + Hôccaiđô : 64người/km 2 
Hình thành các siêu đô thị khổng lồ 
Thành phố cảng Yôkôhama về đêm 
Cảng Yôkôhama 
CẢNG TOKIO 
CẢNG KOBE 
TOKIO VỀ ĐÊM 
DÂN CƯ Ở TOKIO 
Thành thị 77.6% 
Nông thôn 22.4% 
Dịch vụ 60% 
Các ngành khác 40% 
PHÂN BỐ DÂN CƯ THEO KHU VỰC 
PHÂN BỐ DÂN CƯ THEO NGÀNH KT 
 Dân cư phân bố không đều giữa thành thị và nông thôn , giữa các ngành kinh tế . 
3. Người dân có trình độ và mức sống cao , truyền thống làm việc kỉ luật và năng suất cao . 
 - 99% dân số biết chữ 
 - 1/3 dân số có trình độ đại học 
 - Chi phí cho giáo dục chiếm 5% ngân sách 
Thủ tướng Nhật 
Junichiro Koizumi 
Đơ n v ị ti ề n t ệ 
Yên ( ¥) 
III- TÌNH HÌNH PHÁT TRIỂN KINH TẾ 
D ựa vào bảng 9.2, 9.3 hãy nhận xét 
về tốc độ phát triển kinh tế 
của Nhật qua các giai đoạn 
 từ 1950 đến 1973 và 1990 đến 2005 
Caây caàu Akasi noái lieàn hai ñaûo Hoânxu vaø Xicoâcö