Bài giảng The production of speech

s:(1). The respiratory system(2). The larynx (or voice box)(3). The articulatory system (vocal tract) The three systems combine to produce speech sounds.Chapter 3Phonetics: The Sounds of Language3.1. PhoneticsStudy the sound features of a language.Study of the articulatory and acoustic properties of sounds.Ex: Phonetics: Articulatory AcousticAuditory3.1.1. Articulatory phoneticsConcerned with the ways produced the sounds.Ex: Tongue and lips3.1.2. Acoustic phoneticsStudy of the physical characteristics.Ex: Fricative /z/ is produced with a voiced source and a simultaneous turbulence noise source.3.1.3. Auditory phoneticsConcerned with the physical effect of sounds.Ex: The lips could come together for the sound ‘b’ as in ballArticulatory phoneticsAcoustic phoneticsAuditory phonetics(production)(transmission)(reception)SpeakerListener3.2. The Phonetic Alphabets IntroductionPhonetic alphabets is a system of conventional symbols representing for a particular speech sound appearing in utterances (words)Example: “æ” in cat, “θ” in thin,International phonetic Alphabet (IPA) devised ( established) by International Phonetic Association (IPA) is most accepted world – wide. Phonetic Transcription Types.Conventionally, phonetic transcription isindicated when enclosed (put) in squarebrackets (called phonetic brackets)Narrow phonetic transcription.It includes:Broad phonetic transcription. Narrow phonetic transcription gives more detail when representing a sound such as aspiration, length, etc	Example: Pretzel in a narrow transcription wouldbe [‘pʰɹ̥ʷɛʔt.sɫ̩]Broad phonetic transcription gives lessdetail when representing a sound.	Example: Pretzel broader transcription wouldbe [pɹɛt.sl]3.3 Phonetic Details or Narrow Phonetic Transcription Aspirated Stop [ h ] Voiceless stops are called aspirated sounds . They occur as the first sound in a stressed syllablee.g. pen: [ phen ] Stop consonants involve the complete blockage of airflow in the oral tract. An oral stop to be unreleased when it occurs before another stop. Unreleased Stops [ ¬ ]e.g: popcorn: [pɔ:p¬kɔ:n]. Flap [ ſ ]Flap sound is produced when [t, d] in unstressed position between two vowels.e.g. catty: [kæſl] Dental Consonant [ ̪ ] Alveolar consonants are produced as dental variant when occurring before a dental sound e.g. health: [he ̪ lθ], wealth: [we ̪ lθ]. Velarized [ ~ ]The lateral sound [ l ] is velarized when occurring at the end of a syllable or before another consonant.e.g. tall: [to:ł] , ball: [bo:ł] Voiceless Liquid and Glides [ο]When liquid sounds and glides are followed by a voiceless obstruent, they are pronounced as voiceless consonants. e.g. place: [p0leis] Nasal Vowels [ ˜ ]Vowels are nasalized when standing before a nasal consonant. e.g. thinking: [θĩŋkĩŋ] Lengthened Vowels[ : ]Vowels are lengthened when standing before a voiced consonant.e.g. peas: [phi:z]Symbols	Description	Examples[˜I]	Nasalized	[s˜iŋ]	 sing[ ο ]	Voiceless	(breathed)	[poleis]	 place[ w ] [ w ]	Labialized (lip rounding)	[twwink]	 twinkle[ ̪ ]	Dentalised	[he ̪ lθ]	 health[┤]	Palatalized	[k┤i:]	 key[├]	Retracted tongue	[t├ ri:]	 tree[¬ ]	Unreleased	[pɔ:p¬kɔ:n] popcorn[ h ]	Aspirated	[phen]	 pen[ n ]	Nasal release	[bʌtnn]	 button[ l ]	Lateral release	[bʌtll]	 bottle[~]	Velarized	[tɔ:ɫ ]	 tall[ ſ ]	Flap	[kæſti]	 catty[:]	Lengthened	[phi:z]	 peas	3.4. Phonetic Features  	Besides the way to describe sounds according to the air steam mechanism and the functions of the related organs of speech a set of phonetic features allow us to descried sounds with cross-linguistic validity.	For example: instead of using the term alveolar to descried [t] and [d], phonologists have postulate a feature coronal to describe all articulations in which the tongue blade raises to approach or contact the teeth, the alveolar ridge.	The feature conoral is more general than the traditional feature alveolar. 	However, with the combination of other features, the place of articulation can be recognized exactly. For example: The sound [t] is described as [+coronal, +anterior] but the sound [tʃ] is [+coronal],[-anterior].	For those reasons, it is clear that the manner and place of articulation features are not the optimum set of features for describing sounds in a language. These phonetic features for are not only descriptive but also contrastive: Descriptive because they express some details of the production of sounds Contractive because they permit one sound to be distinguished from another	Features may specify which major sound class a segment is characterized or descried by the combination of all such features.	In most cases, it is assumed that features can be assigned binary values, that is, that we can specify them by indicating whether a given attribute is present.	Rather than having two separate labels, such as voiced and voiceless.	We set up the single label [voiced] and simply indicate voiced as [+ voiced] and voiceless as[- voiced]. 	In this way oppositions are established, and sets of sounds are are differentiated by the plus or minus value.3.4.1 The major class featuresThe major class features are:1. Syllabic2. Sonorant3. Consonantal1. SyllabicThe sound has feature [+syllabic] when it is the head (or peak) of a syllable. On another hand, the head of a syllable is nucleus vowel.Otherwise it is [-syllabic] And non-vowel are [-syllabic] And nucleus vowels are [+syllabic] [-syll]: oral stops, affricate, fricative, nasal liquids, glides.[+syll]: Vowels, syllabic nasals/liquids.However, sometimes non-vowels constitute a syllable head  they are [+syllabic]EX: [m, n, l, ŋ][n] in [bʌtn] button2. [l] in [lɪtl] little3. happen  [hæpən] or [hæpm]4. broken  [brəʊkən] or [brəʊkŋ]5. Capitalism  [kæpitəlizm]2. Sonorantsonorant: is the sound has feature [+sonorant] is sounds released with a vocal tract not constricted[+son] Vowels, glides [j ,w], syllabic nasals/liquids [l, r], nasals b. [-sonorant]: are frequently refer to as obstruents[-son]: glottal consonants3. Consonantalconsonantal: are sound with the feature [+consonantal]  they are form with an obstructed vocal tract Otherwise it is [-consonantal][+cons]: oral stops, affricates, fricatives, nasals, liquids [r, l], syllabic nasals/ liquids.[-cons]: Vowels, glides, glottal consonants.The major class features[SYL][SON][CONS]examplesOral stops[p, b,t, d,k,g]Fricatives[f, v, s, z, θ, ð, ʃ, ȝ]Affricates[tʃ, dȝ ]--+[d] in [dα:k] dark[n] in [neiʃn] nation[tʃ] in [tʃin] chin[SYL][SON][CONS]examplesGlottal consonant [ʔ, h]---[h] in [hæt] hatNasal [m, n, ŋ]Liquid [r, l]-++[ŋ] in [ræŋ] rangSyllabic nasals/Liquid [m, n, ŋ, r, l]+++[n] in [bʌtn] bottonGlides [j, w]-+-[w] in [wai] whyVowels [i, ɪ, e, ɑ, æ, ʌ, ə ,u, ʊ, o, ɔ, ɛ, ]++-[ɔ:] in [kɔ:]core3.4.2 Manner of articulation1. Continuant2. Strident3. Nasal 4. LateralContinuantA sound is [+continuant] if it is made without such a blockage of the oral tract; Otherwise it is [-continuant]. [+cont]: fricatives, glides, vowels, lateral liquids [-cont]: oral stops affricatives, nasalsStridentA sound is [+strident] when it is characterized by the high- frequency turbulent noise; Otherwise it is [-strident] [+stri]: fricatives (except [θ, ð]), affricates [-stri]: oral stops, nasals, lateral liquidsNasal A sound is [+nasal] when the velum is lowered to allow the nasal cavity;Otherwise it is [-nasal] [+nas]: nasals [-nas]: oral stops, fricatives, glides, vowels, lateral liquidsLateralA sound is [+Lateral] if the tip of the tongue is blocking the air stream, but the allowed to pass along one or both sides of the tongue. Otherwise it is [-lateral] [+lat]: laterals liquids [-lat]: All other soundsManner of articulation[CONT][STRI][NAS][LAT]examplesFricatives[f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ȝ]Glides[h, r, j, w] Vowels[i, ɪ, e, ɑ, æ, ʌ, ə ,u, ʊ, o, ɔ, ɛ]++--[f] in [wɑif] wife; [j] in [ju:s] use; [æ] in [pæt] pat[CONT][STRI][NAS][LAT]examplesStops[p, b, t ,d, k, g]----[p] in [pα:k] park; [α:] in [kα:] carAffricates[tʃ, dȝ ]-+--[tʃ] in [ritʃ] richNasals[m, n, ŋ]--+-[m] in [ræm] ramLateral liquids[l]+--+[l] in [bɔ:l] ball3.4.3. Oral ArticulationLabial: A labial articulation involves a bringing together or closing of the lips. The phonemes /p, b, f, v, m/ are all labials.Anterior: [+ anterior] sounds are made with the primary constriction in front of the alveo-palatal position.Labials, dentals, alveolar articulations are [ +anterior]. Ex: /p, b, t, d, m, n/Coronal: The blade of the tongue is raised toward or touches the teeth or the alveolar ridge.Dentals, alveolar, and alveo-palatals are [ +coronal]. Ex:/t, d, n, l/High: The body of the tongue is raised toward or touches the roof of the mouth. Ex: /I, u, i/Low: Sounds with feature are made with the tongue body lowered. Ex: /a/Back: [+back] sounds are made the tongue body slightly retracted from the rest position. Ex: /u, o, a/[ -back] Sounds are made the tongue body in a relatively forward position. Ex: /i, l/Long: The feature [ +long] is associated with a more extreme articulatory gesture. Ex: /i, u, a/3.4.4. Laryngeal Features	Voiced: sounds are [ +voiced] when their articulation is accompanied by a periodic vibration of the vocal cords.Ex: /b, t, n, v/Ex: we may say that the specification [+ nas] implies the other feature values within the segment. [+ nas] => [ + son, - lat, + voi] The sound [t] may be described as:[t] = [ - son, + cons, - syl, - cont, - voiced, - lab, + ant, + cor, - back, - stri, - nas]=> [ - voiced, - cont, - cor, + ant]3.5. Redundant Features 3.6 Natural ClassesThe feature class is smaller than the number of features required to distinguish any member of that class. The class of English vowels can be specified by four features:- consonantal+ syllabic  + voiced+ sonorantThe class of voiceless stops /p,t,k/ can be specified by 2 features:- continuant- voicedwhile /t/ is - continuant /p/ is - continuant /k/ is - continuant 	 - voiced	 - voiced	 - voiced	 - strident	 - strident	 - strident	 + coronal	 - coronal	 - coronal	 - labial	 + labial - labial - back	 - back	 + back