Bài giảng Nhập môn công nghệ sinh học - Genetically changed organisms

What are genetically changed organisms and why leave the origin species of each country ? 
Traditional biotechnology and genetic engeneering 
What are the GMO? ( history , developement of gene engeneering ) 
Purpose of gentic engeneering on plants 
Gentic engeneering methodes 
EU legislation 
Uses of GMO- advantages 
Uses of GMO- disadvantages and risks 
Care for the authochthonic / original vegetation 
GMO of next generation 
Contents : 
Traditional biotechnology and genetic engeneering 
Traditional biotechnology ( traditional selection and breeding techniques - production of organisms with more desirable charachteristics – via mutations and recombinations of existing genes between genotypes ; neer relationships 
industrial use of living organisms to produce foods , drugs 
 or other products 
small assortiment of genes 
Genetic engeneering – technic enable the identification of many genes which confer desirable charachteristics and transfer them to organisms which did not posess them before ; single - celled organisms with modified DNA are used to produce different products 
genes can be transfered , multiplied , retained or expressed in new combination that not exist in a nature; genes can be transfered also between different species 
Biotechnology in service of mankind 
Traditional selection and breeding techniques as fermentation processes, used live organisms such as yeast and bacteria for production of bread, cheese, yoghourt, beer, vine etc. 
More extensive use of GMO at present leeds to intensive production of useful substances such as insuline (1979), growth hormone or the blood clotting factor. Human genes encoding for these products have been successfully transfered into the DNA of microorganisms. This allows large scale production of these substances for medical use in so called “bioreactors” . 
What are the GMO? 
Are organisms in which genetic material has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and / or natural recombination 
In principle , genes from any species could be inserted into any other species 
GMO - history 
1983 – first plant transforma tion ( insertion of bacterial gene in toba cco plant ) 
1986 – first field experiment with transgenes plant ( toba cco plant ) 
1992 – first economic pr oduct i on of transgene plant ( virus resistant tobacco plant , China ) 
1994 – first economic (market) pr oduct i on of transgene plant for food ( tomato with slow decrease of softening USA) 
Purpose of gentic engeneering on plants 
Resistance to diseases and pathogenes ( bacteria , fungi , viruses , insects ) 
Resistance to novel herbicides 
Protection against abiotic stress – salinity , drought , frost  
Functional food ( cancer protecting tomato , ) 
Improved nutritional value in different food products 
Increased amount of vitamins in products ( golden rice – provitamin A) 
Improved aroma, taste and structure of agricultural products 
Improved fiber quality ( cotton ) 
Gentic engeneering methodes 
Elementary methodes for bacteria genes developed in early 60’s 
Other methodes for different organisms in 80’s 
Transformation = insert of naked DNA in form of plasmides using “gene gun ” or with help of vectors – bacterial plasmides 
TECHNOLOGY OF RECOMBINATION 
Isolation of DNA molecule from donor organism , cut with enzymes ( restriction endonucleases ) and join with other DNA from s.c. clone carrier ( vector ) – new recombinant DNA 
New DNA is inserted in to a host cell ( plant or bacterial ) = TRANSFORMATION ; the foreign DNA becomes a permanent feature of the host , being replicated and passed on to daughter cells along with the rest of its DNA 
3. Host cells which already have inserted DNA are separated from other cells which are not yet transformed 
The most frequent transformation places 
Apical - meristematic cells 
Reproduction cells ( gametes ) 
Embrios 
Range of transformation 
Laboratories ( 100 different plant species ) 
Field experiments (more then 50 plant species ) 
Market production (21 different plant species with 85 different genetic elements (2002) 
Field releases of GMO in the world 
Year 
Mio. ha 
1996 
2,8 
1997 
12,8 
1998 
27,8 
1999 
39,9 
2000 
44,5 
2001 
52,6 
2002 
58,7 
2003 
67,7 
The most desirable agricultural GMO species (2003) 
GMO field species 
Area of field used for GMO (%) 
soybean 
55 
rape 
16 
cotton 
21 
corn 
11 
Field releases of GMO’s in 2003 by country 
Country 
% of all 
USA 
64 
Argentina 
21 
Canada 
 6 
China 
 4 
Other 
 5 
Field releases of GMO’ s in 1995 by country - EUROPE 
France 
93 % 
Belgium 
56 % 
UK 
47 % 
Netherlands 
42 % 
Italy 
19 % 
Germany 
11 % 
Spain 
10 % 
Demnark 
10 % 
Portugal 
4 % 
EU legislation 
For protection of health of citizens and the environment 
As well as ensuring a single unified market for biotechnology 
Documents 
Purpose 
Dir.2001-18-EC 
Releasing of GMO to the environment ( base for food , feeding stuffs , seeds 
Reg. 258/97/EEC 
“New food ” 
Reg. 1139/98/EEC 
Declarations ( protection of consumers ) 
Reg. 49/2000/EEC 
1% values of GMO in food 
Uses of GMO- advantages 
Economical benefits in the case of sugar beet (GB) 
use of selective herbicide decrease income for 5-15% 
GMO plant needs less sprinkling , instead 4-6 just 2-3; 27 instead of 100 pounds 
seeds costs more 
less machine cultivation 
less fuel used -> less emission of CO 2 in the athmosphere 
A dvantages (2.) 
Economical benefits – in the case of GMO-Bt corn from Spain 
 corn butterfly makes about 15 % of damage 
 an average field production is 12,54 t/ha, GMO corn 13,35 t/ha 
 saving 150 EUR per ha 
A dvantages (3.) 
 Herbicid tolerance 
 Insect resistance 
 Virus resistance 
 Quality improvement 
 Less use of herbicides 
Disadvantages , risks 
Gene expression –Mendel’ s law of independent assortiment - every gene determinate one charachteristics 
 – more genes determines one characteristics or more genes determine more characteristics => changing one gene may influence in change of more features 
Gene dynamics – during the lifetime of the cell expression of genes may change –one period are active some genes and second period another genes – how to determine exactely expression of a new inserted gene? 
Risks (2.) 
Coincidence of genes of different organisms 
 exl : plants , animals , people eating plants - plants are developed defense against herbivores - toxines 
 In thousands of years genetically supported nevtralisations for undesirable vegetable products developed (in our saliva ) 
Evolution – selection are always linked with food – too sensitive persons ( food ) dissapeared from population 
New food ( exotic or GMO) – increase of alergy 
Digestion of proteins in intestinum – procese can stop in the level of undigested particles -> biotic effects ??? 
 Pollination 
 transfere of pollen and genes by insects even in the area of more km from field with GMO 
 usually inside the species 
 rare between relative species 
 very rare or periodical transfer between different species ( weed ) 
Risks (3.) 
Risks (4.) 
Transfer of genes from GMO to weed plant - develope of high tolerante weeds 
GM plant become weed – high herbicide tolerance – difficulties with control of growth 
The migration of inserted genes from cultivated plants to wild species 
Artificially created selection pressure could lead to a dominance of GMO 
Risks (5.) 
Transfer of genes to microorganisms 
Appereance of high tolerant injurer ( insects , viruses , bacteria ) 
Toxical properties for nontarget organisms ( corn butterfly -> monarch butterfly ; bees , birds  ) 
Polithic strathegy in EU countries 
 EU - possibilities for all types of agriculture ( classic , ecological , GMO) 
 Consumer must have possibility to choose between GMO and others ; declarations on food articles are obligated 
 Each EU country can choose freelly her own strathegy for use of GMO; by consideration of EU Directives 
Care for the authochthonic / original vegetation 
International convention of biotic diversity 
FAO contract on plant and genetic food and agriculture resources 
EU common programme for plant gene resources net 
EU project – protecting the biotic diversity on ecological farming 
GMO of next generation 
Improving of nourishing values of food 	 
macronutrients ( peptides , carbohydrates , lipids ) 
micronutrients ( vitamins , minerals ) 
New applications 
target proteins 
transformation of plastids ( chloroplasts ) 
oral vaccine matter and medicines 
	 elimination of selection genes 
GMO of next generation 
New agricultural interesting charachteristisc 
 modifficated growth 
Stress toleranced plants ( draught , frost , salinity , shadow ) 
Plants producst as new biomaterials